Journal of Multidisciplinary Issues

CONSTRUCTION OF AUTHORITY IN CORPORATE CONTRACTS: TENSION BETWEEN FORMAL STRUCTURE AND PRACTICAL FLEXIBILITY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF GENERAL LAW

William Chandra, Gunardi Lie — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Authority constitutes a fundamental legal basis in corporate business agreements. In practice, it is not uncommon to find contracts signed by individuals lacking full formal legal legitimacy, either because they fall outside the corporate authority structure or lack proper power of attorney or official appointment. This issue raises legal questions regarding the validity of agreements that are substantively agreed upon but defective in legal representation. This study aims to analyze the boundaries of authority in corporate agreements and to evaluate the general legal approach toward legal acts undertaken by unauthorized individuals. The method employed is a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that although positive law mandates formal authority, corporate practice often tolerates actions considered commercially valid, especially when there is implicit acceptance or good faith on the part of the involved parties. These findings suggest that the general legal approach needs to be reconstructed to address the challenges of modern contractual practices. This research contributes to corporate legal practice by emphasizing the need to strengthen internal verification mechanisms and recommending the development of adaptive legal norms, while also enriching theoretical discourse on the limits of authority in contract law.

The Urgency of Codifying Private International Law in Indonesia in The Digital Era

Marcellius Kirana Hamonangan, Gunardi Lie — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

ABSTRACT

Objective This study investigates the urgency of codifying Private International Law (PIL) in Indonesia as a strategic legal response to the rapid expansion of cross-border private legal interactions in the digital era. The research asks: What legal codification model can best address jurisdictional conflicts and legal uncertainties arising from transnational digital activities?

Methodology Using a juridical-empirical approach, the study combines doctrinal analysis with comparative legal research. The analysis is supported by theoretical frameworks including social systems theory, responsive law, legal politics, and digital regulatory theory. Comparative evaluation is conducted across six countries—Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, the UK, and Australia.

Findings The research reveals that Indonesia’s current legal system lacks a coherent, codified framework for PIL. Legal uncertainty arises in handling transnational disputes, cross-border data breaches, and enforcement of foreign judgments. By contrast, civil and common law countries have adopted codified or flexible jurisprudential approaches to ensure clarity and adaptability. The study finds that Indonesia urgently needs a hybrid PIL codification model to align with the digital and global legal ecosystem.

Novelty This study is among the first to position the codification of PIL as a legal-political and technological imperative, rather than a purely doctrinal concern. Its interdisciplinary framework integrates comparative insights and theories of digital law, offering a contextual roadmap for national legal reform. It proposes an adaptive hybrid codification model responsive to cross-border digital disputes and legal sovereignty concerns.

Keywords: Private International Law; Conflict of Laws; Digital Jurisdiction; Legal Codification; Transnational Legal Protection

Exploring Ethical and Quality Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence Influence on Trust

Elfindah Princes, Wilma Silalahi — Wed, 18 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Objective – The purpose of this study is to examine how the amount of content generated by artificial intelligence (AI) is affecting the accuracy and reliability of information found online.

Methodology – Using a survey-based approach conducted online with a 5-Likert scale, assessed by 10 survey items.

Findings – The findings reveal that artificial intelligence does not have a direct effect on trust.

Novelty – The conclusion emphasizes the relationship of the variables that may be used to develop a suitable marketing strategy.